1. Alexandra Maryanski and Jonathan H. Turner, The Social Cage: Human Nature and the Evolution of Society. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992, p. 2.

2. Part of the short stature of African Pygmies is genetic, part nutritional; see Barry Bogin, "The Tall and the Short of It." Discover, February 1998, p. 43.

3. Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza and Franesco Cavalli-Sforza, The Great Human Diasporas: The History of Diversity and Evolution. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co. 1995, p. 97.

4. James V. Neel, "Some Base Lines for Human Evolution and the Genetic Implications of Recent Cultural Development." In Donald J. Ortner, Ed., How Humans Adapt: A Biocultural Odyssey. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1983, p. 82.

5. Ernst Mayr, This Is Biology: The Science of the Living World." Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997, p. 75.

6. Leslie White, The Evolution of Culture: The Development of Civilization to the Fall of Rome. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1959, pp. 283-286.

7. Allen W. Johnson and Timothy Earle, The Evolution of Human Societies: From Foraging Group to Agrarian State. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1987, p. 15.

8. Timothy Earle, "The Evolution of Chiefdoms." In Timothy Earle, Ed. Chiefdoms: Power, Economy, and Ideology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991, p. 4.

9. C. R. Hallpike, The Principles of Social Evolution. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988, pp. 237-8.

10. Brian Hayden, "Pathways to Power: Principles for Creating Socioeconomic Inequalities." In F. Douglas Price and Gary M. Feinman, Eds., Foundations of Social Inequality. New York: Plenum Press, 1995, p. 74; Hayden stresses the central rol e of"non-utilitarian 'ritual' and feasting activities [in] cultural evolution."

11. C. R. Hallpike, The Principles of Social Evolution, p. 207.

12. Patrick Kirch and D. E. Yen, Tikopia: The Prehistory and Ecology of a Polynesian Outlier. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin no. 238. Honolulu: The Museum, 1982, p. 368/.

13. F. J. Odling-Smee, "Niche-Constructing Phenotypes." In H. C. Plotkin, Ed.,The Role of Behavior in Evolution. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1988.

14. Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1997.

15. David S. Landes, The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some Are So Rich and Some So Poor. New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1998, pp. 6-14.

16. David S. Landes, The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some Are So Rich and Some So Poor. New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1998, pp. 213-230.

17. John W. M. Whiting and Irving L. Child, Child Training and Personality. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1953, p. 310; Eleanor Hallenberg Chasdi, Ed. Culture and Human Development: The Selected Papers of John Whiting. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994, p. 90; Robert A. LeVine, Culture, Behavior, and Personality: An Introduction to the Comparative Study of Psychosocial Adaptation. New York: Aldine Publishing Co., 1982, p. 57.

18. Margaret Mead, Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies. New York: William Morrow, 1935.

19. Irving Goldman, Ancient Polynesian Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970, p. 478.

20. T. Douglas Price, "Social Inequality at the Origins of Agriculture." In T. Douglas Price and Gary M. Feinman, Eds., Foundations of Social Inequality. New York: Plenum Press, 1995, p. 144.

21. Ibid.

22. Ibid., p. 145.

23. Allen W. Johnson and Timothy Earle, The Evolution of Human Societies: From Foraging Group to Agrarian State. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1987, p. 254.

24. Gilbert Gottlieb, Individual Development and Evolution: The Genesis of Novel Behavior. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.

25. Gerald M. Edelman, Bright Air, Brilliant Fire: On the Matter of the Mind. New York: Basic Books, 1992; Allan N. Schore, Affect Regulation and the Origin of the Self: The Neurobiology of Emotional Development. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1994, p. 253.

26. Gilbert Gottlieb, Individual Development & Evolution: The Genesis of Novel Behavior. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992; Gilbert Gottlieb, Synthesizing Nature-Nurture: Prenatal Roots of Instinctive Behavior. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associations, 1997; Bruce H. Lipton, "Adaptive Mutation: A New Look At Biology: The Impact of Maternal Emotions on Genetic Development." Touch the Future, Spring 1997, pp. 4-6; Richard C. Strohman, "Epigenesis and Complexity: The Coming Kuhnian Revolution in Biology." Nature Biotechnology 15(1997): 194-200; Eva Jablonka and Marion J. Lamb, Epigenetic Inheritance and Evolution: The Lamarckian Dimension. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995; Mae-Wan Ho and Peter T. Saunders, Eds. Beyond Neo-Darwinism: An Introduction to the New Evolutionary Paradigm. New York: Academic Press, 1984; Richard Milton, The Facts of Life: Shattering the Myth of Darwinism. London: Fourth Estate, 1992.

27. Richard B. Carter, Nurturing Evolution: The Family As a Social Womb. Lanham: University Press of America, 1993, p. xxxvii.

28. Bruce H. Lipton, "The Biology of Consciousness." Lecture presented at the University of British Columbia, May 7, 1995.

29. Ronald Kotulak, Inside the Brain: Revolutionary Discoveries of How the Mind Works. Kansas City: Andrews and McMeel, 1996, pp. 82-85.

30. Eva Jablonka and Marion J. Lamb, Epigenetic Inheritance and Evolution, pp. 79-110.

31. Alain Prochaiantz, How the Brain Evolved. New York: McGraw-Hill, n.d., p. 41.

32. Henry Plotkin, Evolution in Mind: An Introduction to Evolutionary Psychology. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998, p. 231.

33. Jane Beckman Lancaster, Primate Behavior and the Emergence of Human Culture. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1975, p. 23. For a limited role of macaque males in child care, see David Taub, "Female choice and mating strategies among wild barbary macques (Macaca sylvanus L.)," in The Macaques: Studies in Ecology, Behavior and Evolution, Ed. D. Lundburg. New York: Van Nostrand-Reinhold, 1980, p. 335.

34. Alexandra Maryanski, "African Ape Social Networks." In James Steele and Stephen Shennan, Eds., The Archaeology of Human Ancestry: Power, Sex and Tradition. London: Routledge, 1996, pp. 77-9.

35. Richard Goldschmidt, "Some Aspects of Evolution." Science 78(1933): 539-547.

36. Lloyd deMause, "The Role of Adaptation and Selection in Psychohistorical Evolution." The Journal of Psychohistory 16(1989): 355-372.

37. Howard S. Levy, Chinese Footbinding: The History of a Curious Erotic Custom. London: Neville Spearman, n.d.; Jicai Feng, The Three-Inch Golden Lotus. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1994, p. 52; Lloyd deMause, "The Universality of Incest." The Journal of Psychohistory 19(1991): 151.

38. Arthur P. Wolf and Chieh-shan Huang, Marriage and Adoption in China, 1845-1945. Standord: Stanford Univ. Press, 1980, p. 8; Margery Wolf and Roxane Witke, EDs. Women in Chinese Society. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1975; Ching-li How, Journey in Tears: Memory of a Girlhood in China. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1978; Margery Wolf, Women and the Family in Rural Taiwan. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1972, p. 69.

39. Irene B. Taeuber, "The Families of Chinese Farmers." In Maurice Freedman, Ed., Family and Kinship in Chinese Society. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1970, p. 70.

40. David S. Landes, The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some Are So Rich and Some So Poor. New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1998, p. 342.

41. Lloyd deMause, "The Universality of Incest." The Journal of Psychohistory 19(1991): 160-163; Cathy Joseph, "Compassionate Accountability: An Embodied Consideration of Female Genital Mutilation." The Journal of Psychohistory 24(1996): 2-17.

42. Geza Roheim, "The Evolution of Culture." In Bruce Mazlish, Ed., Psychoanalysis and History. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: 1963, p. 84.

43. C. R. Hallpike, The Principles of Social Evolution. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988, p. 277.

44. A. Terry Rambo, "The Study of Cultural Evolution." In A. Terry Rambo and Kathleen Gillogly, Eds., Profiles in Cultural Evolution: Papers From a Conference in Honor of Elman R. Service. Ann Arbor: Anthropological Papers, Museum of Anthropology, Univ. of Michigan, No. 85, 1991, p. 43.

45. Richard M. Restak, "Possible Neurophysiological Correlates of Empathy." In Joseph Lichtenberg, Melvin Bornstein and Donald Silver, Empathy I. Hillsdale, NJ: The Analytic Press, 1984, p. 70.

46. See Jean Briggs, Never in Anger: Portrait of an Eskimo Family. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1970.

47. Gerald M. Edelman, Bright Air, Brilliant Fire: On the Matter of the Mind. New York: Basic Books, 1992.

48. Stanley I. Greenspan, The Growth of the Mind: And the Endangered Origins of Intelligence. New York: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., 1997.

49. Michael J. O'Brien and Thomas D. Holland, "The Nature and Promise of a Selection-Based Archeology." In Patrice A. Teltser, Ed., Evolutionary Archaelogy: Methodological Issues. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1995, p. 177.

50. David P. Braun, "Selection and evolution in nonhierarchical organization." In Steadman Upham, Ed., The Evolution of Political Systems: Sociopolitics in Small-Scale Sedentary Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990, p. 79.

51. Ruth Benedict, "Child Reraing in Certain European Countries." American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 19(1949): 345-46.

52. Gerald M. Edelman, Bright Air, Brilliant Fire: On the Matter of the Mind. New York: Basic Books, 1992.

53. Julian H. Steward, Theory of Culture Change. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1958, p. 7.

54. Harry Guntrip, Schizoid Phenomena, Object Relations and the Self. Madison: International Universities Press, 1995.

55. Phillip J. Longman, "The Cost of Children." U.S. News & World Report, March 30, 1998, p. 51.

56. Frank W. Putnam, Dissociation in Children and Adolescents: A Developmental Perspective. New York: The Guilford press, 1997, p. 1.

57. Valerie Fildes, Breasts, Bottles and Babies. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1986.

58. Helen Clergue, The Salon: A Study of French and Personalities in the Eighteenth Century. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1907, p. 146.

59. Thomas Muffett, Healths improvement. London, 1655, p. 119.

60. T. G. H. Drake, "The Wet Nurse in the Eighteenth Century." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 8(1940): 940.

61. Maria Piers, Infanticide. New York: Norton, 1978, p. 52.

62. Lloyd deMause, Ed., The History of Childhood. New York: Psychohistory Press, 1974, pp. 51-53.

63. Ralph Frenken, Studien zur Eltern-Kind-Beziehung anhand deutscher Autobiographien des 14.bis 17. Jahrhunderts: Ein Beitrag zur psychogenetischen Gischichte der Kindheit, forthcoming; Ute Schuster-Keim und Alexander Keim, Zur Geschichte der Kindheit bei Lloyd deMause; Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 1988; Friedhelm Nyssen, Die Geschichte der Kindheit bei L. deMause. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 1984; Friedhelm Nyssen und Ludwig Janus (Hg.), Psychogenetische Geschichte der Kindheit: Beiträge zur Psychohistorie der Eltern-Kind-Beziehung. Giessen: Psychosozial-Verlag, 1998 and Glenn Davis, Childhood and History in America. New York: Psychohistory Press, 1976.

64. See Lloyd deMause, "On Writing Childhood History." 16(1988):135-170 and Lloyd deMause, "25-Year Subject Index to The Journal of Psychohistory." The Journal of Psychohistory 25(1998):401-406.

65. Robert B. McFarland, "The Children of God." The Journal of Psychohistory 21(1994): 497-499.

66. Marc Howard Ross, "Socioeconomic Complexity, Socialization, and Political Differentiation: A Cross-Cultural Study." Ethos 9(1981): 217-246; Michio Kitahara, "A Cross-Cultural Test of the Freudian Theory of Circumcision." International Journal of Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy 5(1976): 535-546.

67. William Armstrong Percy III, Pederasty and Pedagogy in Archaic Greece. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1996.

68. Esther N. Goody, Parenthood and Social Reproduction: Fostering and Occupational Roles in West Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982.

69. David Levinson, Family Violence in Cross-Cultural Perspective. NewburyPark: Sage Publications, 1989, p. 93; Raoul Naroll, The Moral Order: An Introduction to the Human Situation. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1983, pp. 246-247, 250; Thomas S. Weisner, "Socialization for Parenthood in Sibling Caretaking Societies." In Jane B. Lancaster, et al., Eds., Parenting Across the Life Span: Biosocial Dimensions. New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1987, pp. 240, 248, 261; Alan Howard and John Kirkpatrick, "Social Organization." In Alan Howard and Robert Borofsky, Eds., Developments in Polynesian Ethnology. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1989, p. 75; Robert Etienne, "Ancient Medical Conscience and Children." The Journal of Psychohistory 4(1976): 131-162.

70. Epistle to Diognetus, iv.

71. See Chapter 7.

72. Mayke de Jong, In Samuel's Image: Child Oblation in the Early Medieval West. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1996.

73. Ralph Frenken, "The History of German Childhood Through Autobiographies." The Journal of Psychohistory 24(1997): 390-402; Michael Goodich, "Childhood and Adolescence Among the Thirteenth-Century Saints." History of Childhood Quarterly 1(1973): 285-309; Barbara A. Kellum, "Infanticide in England in the Later Middle Ages." History of Childhood Quarterly 1(1974): 367-388; Grant McCracken, "The Exchange of Children in Tudor England: An Anthropological Phenomenon in Historical Context." The Journal of Family History 8(1983): 303-313.

74.

75. Heide Wunder, He Is the Sun, She Is the Moon: Women in Early Modern Germany. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998; Elizabeth Hafkin Pleck, Domestic Tyranny: The Making of Social Policy Against Family Violence From Colonial Times to the Present. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.

76. Janet Golden, "The New Motherhood and the New View of Wet Nurses, 1780-1865." In Rima D. Apple and Janet Golden, Eds., Mothers & Motherhood: Readings in American History. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1997, pp. 72-89.

77. Jan Lewis, "'Those Scenes for Which Alone My Heart Was Made.'" Affection and Politics in the Age of Jefferson and Hamilton." In Peter N. Stearns and Jan Lewis, An Emotional History of the United States. New York: New York University Press, 1998, pp. 52-65; Vivian C. Fox, "Poor Children's Rights in Early Modern England." The Journal of Psychohistory 23(1996): 286-306; Elisabeth Badinter, L'amour en plus: histoire de l'amour maternel (XVIIe - Xxe siecle). Paris: Flammarion, 1980.

78. Jan Lewis, "Mother's Love: The Construction of an Emotion in Nineteenth-Century America." In Peter N. Stearns and Jan Lewis, An Emotional History of the United States, p. 52.

79. Julia Grant, Raising Baby by the Book: The Education of American Mothers. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998, p. 15.

80. Jan Lewis, "Mother's Love: The Construction of an Emotion in Nineteenth-Century America." In Rima D. Apple and Janet Golden, Eds., Mothers & Motherhood: Readings in American History, p. 58.

81. See Glenn Davis, Childhood and History in America. New York: Psychohistory Press, 1976 for a breakdown of the socializing mode into four submodes.

82. Peter Petschauer, "Growing Up Female In Eighteenth-Century Germany." The Journal of Psychohistory 11(1983): 167-208; Peter Petschauer, "Intrusive to Socializing Modes: Transitions in Eighteenth-Century Germany and Twentieth-Century Italy." The Journal of Psychohistory 14(1987): 257-270; Bogna Lorence, "Parents and Children in Eighteenth-Century Europe." History of Childhood Quarterly 2(1974): 1-30; Raffael Scheck, "Childhood in German Autobiographical Writings, 1740-1820." The Journal of Psychohistory 15(1987): 391-422.

83. Ibid, p. 160.

84. Lloyd deMause, "The Role of Adaptation and Selection in Psychohistorical Evolution." The Journal of Psychohistory 16(1989): p. 365.

85. Lloyd deMause, "The Formation of the American Personality Through Psychospeciation." In Lloyd deMause, Foundations of Psychohistory. New York: Creative Roots, 1982, pp. 105-128; Gert Raeithel, "Philobatism and American Culture." The Journal of Psychohistory 6(1979): 447-460.

86. Lloyd deMause, "The Role of Adaptation and Selection in Psychohistorical Evolution," p. 365.

87. L. L. Cavalli-Sforza, "The Transition to Agriculture and Some of Its Consequences." In Donald J. Ortner, Ed., How Humans Adapt: A Biocultural Odyssey. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1983, p. 112.

88. N. Eldredge and Steven J. Gould, "Punctuated equilibria: An Alternative to Phyletic Gradualism." In Thomas J. M. Schopf, Ed., Models in Paleobiology. San Francisco: Freeman, 1972.

89. Luigi Luca and Francesco Cavalli-Sforza, The Great Human Diasporas: The History of Diversity and Evolution. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., 1995, p. 163.

90. Lotte Danzinger and Liselotte Frankl, "Zum Problem der Funktionsreifung." Zeitschrift für Kinderforschung 43(1934): 219-254; Alenka Puhar, "On Childhood Origins of Violence in Yugoslavia: II. The Zadruga.." The Journal of Psychohistory 21(1993): 171-198; Ernestine Friedl, Vasilika: A Village in Modern Greece. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1962.

91. Roger Kaplan, "The Libel of Moral Equivalence." The Atlantic Monthly, August 1998, p. 24.

92. Yael Danieli, Ed., International Handbook of Multigenerational Legacies of Trauma. New York: Plenum Press, 1998.

93. Alan M. Ball, "And Now My Soul Is Hardened: Abandoned Children in Soviet Russia, 1918-1920. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994;

94. Jasper Becker, Hungary Ghosts: Mao's Secret Famine. New Yrok: Free Press, 1997; Zheng Ui, Ed., Scarlet Memorial: Tales of Cannibalism in Modern China. Boulder: West View Press, 1996.

95. Ildiko Vasary, "'The Sin of Transdanubia': The One-Child System in Rural Hungary." Continuity and Change 4(1989): 447.

96. Ibid, p. 448.

97. Ibid, p. 435.

98. Ibid, p. 452.

99. The Washington Post National Weekly Edition, April 13, 1998, p. 18; Greg J. Duncan and Jeanne Brooks-Gunn, Eds., Consequences of Growing Up Poor. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1998.

100. Marc Howard Ross, "Socioeconomic Complexity, Socialization, and Political Differentiation: A Cross-Cultural Study." Ethos 9(1981): 217-245.

101. Ronald P. Rohner, They Love Me, They Love Me Not; A Worldwide Study of the Effects of Parental Acceptance and Rejection. HRAF Press, 1975, p. 157.

102. Ronald P. Rohner, The Warmth Dimension: Foundations of Parental Acceptance-Rejection Theory. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1986, p. 64.

103. Eleanor Hollenberg Chasdi, Ed. Culture and Human Development: The Selected Papers of John Whiting Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994, p. 100.

104. William N. Stephens, The Family in Cross-Cultural Perspective. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1963, p. 357.

105. Herbert L. Barry, III, E. Lauer and C. Marshall, "Agents and Techniques of Child Training: Cross-Cultural Codes." Ethnology 16(1977): 191-230.

106. Melvin Konner, Childhood. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1991, p. 193.

107. Lloyd deMause, "The Evolution of Childhood." In deMause, Ed., The History of Childhood. New York: Psychohistory Press, 1974, p. 51.

108. Margaret Mead, Letters From the Field, 1925-1975. New York: Harper and Row, p. 132.

109. William Tulio Divale and Marvin Harris, "Population, Warfare, and the Male Supremacist Complex." American Anthropologist 78(1976): 521-538; Laila Williamson, "Infanticide: An Anthropological Analysis," in Marvin Kohl, Ed., Infanticide and the Value of Life. Buffalo: Prometheus Books, 1978; L. A. Malcolm, "Growth, Malnutrition and Mortality of the Infant and Toddler in the Asai Valley of the New Guinea Highlands. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 23(1970): 1090-95; Wulf Schiefenhövel, "Preferential Female Infanticide and Other Mechanisms Regulating Population Size Among the Eipo." In N. Keyfitz, Ed., Population and Biology. Liege: Ordina, 1984.

110. Joseph B. Birdsell, An Introduction to the New Physical Anthropology. New York: Rand McNally, 1965, p. 97.

111. W. Ellis, Polynesian Researches, Vol 1. Rutland, Vt.: Charles E. Tuttle Co., 1969, p. 251.

112. Wulf Schiefenhovel, "Ritualized Adult-Male/Adolescent-Male Sexual Behavior in Melanesia." In Jay R. Feierman, Ed., Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1990, p. 417.

113. Gilbert Herdt, The Sambia: Ritual and Gender in New Guinea. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1987, p. 85.

114. Gilbert H. Herdt, Guardians of the Flutes: Idioms of Masculinity. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1981, p. 207.

115. Maria Lepowsky, Fruit of the Motherland: Gender in an Egalitarian Society. New York: Columbia University Press, 1993, p. 84.

116. Marilyn Strathern, Women in Between: Female Roles in a Male World: Mount Hagen, New Guinea. London: Seminar Press, 1972, p. 44; Aloys Kasprus, The Tribes of the Middle Ramu and the Upper Keran Rivers (North-East New Guinea): : Studia Instituti Anthropos Vol. 17. St. Augustin bei Bonn: Verlag des Anthropos-Instituts, 1973, 52.

117. Shirley Lindenbaum, "Variations on a Sociosexual Theme in Melanesia." In Gilbert H. Herdt, Ed., Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984, p. 352.

118. Bruce M. Knauft, Good Company and Violence: Sorcery and Social Action in a Lowland New Guinea Society. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985, pp. 118, 407.

119. Aloys Kasprus, The Tribes of the Middle Ramu..., p. 61.

120. Arthur E. Hippler, "Culture and Personality Perspective of the Yolngu of Northeastern Arnhem Land: Part I-Early Socialization." Journal of Psychological Anthropology 1(1978): 230.

121. Gillian Gillison, Between Culture and Fantasy: A New Guinea Highlands Mythology. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1993, p. 234.

122. L. L. Langness, "Sexual Antagonism in the New Guinea Highlands." Oceania 37(1967): 166.

123. Wolfgang Lederer, The Fear of Women. New York, Grune & Stratton, 1968, p. 65.

124. Maurice Bloch, Prey Into Hunter: The Politics of Religious Experience. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992, p. 11.

125. Aloys Kasprus, The Tribes of the Middle Ramu, p. 58.

126. Keith Willey, Assignment New Guinea. Brisbane: The Jacaranda Press, 1965, p. 101.

127. J. Van Baal, Dema: Description and Analysis of Marind-Anim Culture (South New Guinea). The Hague: Martinus Nieshoff, 1966, p. 746; Geza Roheim, "The Western Tribes of Central Australia: Childhood." In Warner Muensterberger and Sidney Axelrad, Eds., The Psychoanalytic Study of Society: Vol. II. New York: International Universities Press, 1962, pp. 199-200.

128. Geza Roheim, Psychoanalysis and Anthropology: Culture, Personality and the Unconscious. New York: International Universities Press, 1950, pp. 60-62.

129. Ibid., p. 150.

130. Ibid., p. 63.

131. Ibid., p. 60.

132. Lloyd deMause, Foundations of Psychohistory. New York: Creative Roots, 1982, p. 274.

133. Robert A. Paul, "Review of Lloyd deMause's Foundations of Psychohistory." The Journal of Psychoanalytic Anthropology 5(1982): 469.

134. Shirley Lindenbaum, Kuru Sorcery: Disease and Danger in the New Guinea Highlands. Palo Alto: Mayfield Publishing Co., 1979, p. 20.

135. Gillian Gillison, Between Culture and Fantasy: A New Guinea Highlands Mythology. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1993, pp. 70, 75.

136. Fitz John Porter Poole, "Cannibals, Tricksters, and Witches: Anthropophagic Images Among Binim-Kuskusmin." In Paula Brown and Donald Tuzin, Eds., The Ethnography of Cannibalism. Washington, DC: Society for Psychological Anthropology, 1983, p. 13.

137. Catherine Gould, "Denying Ritual Abuse of Children." The Journal of Psychohistory 22(1995): 329-339; Lloyd deMause, "Why Cults Terrorize and Kill Children." The Journal of Psychohistory 21(1994): 505-518; Roland Summit, "The Dark Tunnels of McMartin." The Journal of Psychohistory 21(1994): 397-416; Gail Carr Feldman, "Satanic Ritual Abuse: A Chapter in the History of Human Cruelty." The Journal of Psychohistory 22(1995): 340-357; Robert B. McFarland, "The Children of God." The Journal of Psychohistory 21(1994): 497-499; Robert B. Rockwell, "One Psychiatrist's View of Satanic Ritual Abuse." The Journal of Psychohistory 21(1994): 443-460.

138. Harry Guntrip, Schizoid Phenomena, Object-Relations and the Self. Madison, Conn.: International Universities Press, 1968.

139. L. L. Langness, "Child Abuse and Cultural Values: The Case of New Guinea." In Jill E. Korbin, Child Abuse and Neglect: Cross-Cultural Perspectives. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981, p. 26.

140. Claude Lévi-Strauss, The Elementary Structures of Kinship. Boston: Beacon Press, 1969, p. 41.

141. James L. Peacock and A. Thomas Kirsch, The Human Direction: An Evolutionary Approach to Social and Cultural Anthropology. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1970, p. 100.

142. Clelland S. Ford and Frank A. Beach, Patterns of Sexual Behavior New York: Harper & Row, 1951, p. 119.

143. Given J. Broude, Growing Up: A Cross-Cultural Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 1995, p. 303.

144. William H. Davenport, "Adult-Child Sexual Relations in Cross-Cultural Perspective." In William O'Donohue and James H. Geer, Eds. The Sexual Abuse of Children: Theory and Research. Vol. I. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1992, p. 75.

145. Claudia Konker, "Rethinking Child Sexual Abuse: An Anthropological Perspective." American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 62(1992): 148.

146. Jill E. Korbin, "Child Sexual Abuse: Implications From the Cross-Cultural Record." In Nancy Sheper-Hughes, Child Survival: Anthropological Perspectives on the Treatment and Maltreatment of Children. Boston: D. Reidel Publishing Co., p. 251.

147. Lloyd deMause, "The Universality of Incest." The Journal of Psychohistory 19(1991): 123-164.

148. Gillian Gillison, Between Culture and Fantasy: A New Guinea Highlands Mythology. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1993, p. 176.

149. Ronald M. Berndt, Excess and Restraint: Social Control Among a New Guinea Mountain People. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962, p. 91.

150. Melvin J. Konner and C. Worthman, "Nursing Frequency, Gonadal Function, and Birth Spacing Among !Kung Hunter-Gatherers." Science 207(1980): 788-791.

151. Gillian Gillison, Between Culture and Fantasy, p. 176.

152. H. Ian Hogbin, "A New Guinea Infancy: From Conception to Weaning in Wogeo." Oceana 13(1943): 298.

153. Arthur Hippler, "Culture and Personality Perspective of the Yolngu of Northeastern Arnhem Land: Part I Early Socialization." Journal of Psychological Anthropology 1(1978): 235.

154. Fitz John Porter Poole, "Coming Into Social Being: Cultural Images of Infants in Bimin-Kuskusmin Folk Psychology." In Geoffrey M. White and John Korkpatrick, Eds., Person, Self, and Experience: Exploring Pacific Ethnopsychologies. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985, p. 232.

155. Geza Roheim, Psychoanalysis and Anthropology: Culture, Personality and the Unconscious. New York: International University Press, 1950; Geza Roheim, "The Western Tribes of Central Australia: The Alknarintja." In Warner Muensterberger and Sidney Axelrad, Eds., The Psychoanalytic Study of Society, Vol. III. New York: International Universities Press, 1964, p. 194, 231.

156. Geza Roheim, "The Western Tribes of Central Australia," p. 236.

157. Geza Roheim, "Play Analysis with Normanby Island Children." In Warner Muensterberger, Ed., Man and His Culture: Psychoanalytic Anthropology After 'Totem and Taboo.' London: Rapp & Whiting, 1969, p. 179; Geza Roheim, "The Western Tribes of Central Australia: Childhood." In Warner Muensterberger and Sidney Axelrad, Eds., The Psychoanalytic Study of Society. Vol. II. New York: International Universities Press, 1962, p. 207.

158. Lia Leibowitz, Females, Males, Families: A Biosocial Approach. North Scituate, Mass.: Duxbury Press, 1978, p. 135.

159. Robert C. Suggs, Marquesan Sexual Behavior. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1966, p. 42.

160. Milton Diamond, "Selected Cross-Generational Sexual Behavior in Traditional Hawai'i: A Sexological Ethnography." In Jay R. Feierman, Ed., Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1990, p. 430.

161. Ibid., p. 431.

162. Herman Heinrich Ploss, Das Weib in der Natur- und Volkerkunde: Anthropologische Studien. II. Band 1. Leipzig, 1887, p. 144.

163. Herman Heinrich Ploss, Max Bartels and Paul Bartels. Femina Libido Sexualis: Compendium of the Psychology, Anthropology and Anatomy of the Sexual Characteristics of the Woman. New York: The Medical Press, 1965, p. 140; Robert C. Suggs, Marquesan Sexual Behavior. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1966, 177.

164. Gilbert Herdt and Robert J. Stoller, Intimate Communications: Erotics and the Study of Culture. New York: Columbia University Press, 1990, pp. 139, 274.

165. L. L. Langness, "Oedipus in the New Guinea Highlands?" Ethos 18(1990): 395

166. Ibid., p. 399.

167. Geza Roheim, Psychoanalysis and Anthropology, p. 160.

168. Herdt and Stoller, Intimate Communications, p. 42.

169. Stanley J. Coen, "Sexualization as a Predominant Mode of Defense." Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 29(1981): 909.

170. Herdt and Stoller, Intimate Communications, pp. 72, 138, 163.

171. Ibid., p. 163.

172. Ibid., p. 165.

173. Ibid., pp. 165-166.

174. Ibid., p. 169.

175. Ibid., p. 170.

176. Barbara B. Harrell, "Lactation and Menstruation in Cultural Perspective." American Anthropologist 83(1981): 799.

177. Fitz John Porter Poole, "Folk Models of Eroticism in Mothers and Sons: Aspects of Sexuality Among Bimin-Kuskusmin." Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association, 1983; "Cultural Images of Women as Mothers: Motherhood Among the Bimin-Kuskusmin of Papua New Guinea." Social Analysis 15(1984): 73-93; "Coming Into Social Being: Cultural Images of Infancts in Bimin-Kuskusmin Folk Psychology." In G. M. White and J. Kirkpatrick, Eds., Person, Self, and Experience: Exploring Pacific Ethnopsychologies. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985, pp. 183-242; "The Ritual Forging of Identity: Aspects of Person and Self in Bimin-Kuskusmin Male Initiation." In Gilbert H. Herdt, Ed., Rituals of Manhood: Male Initiation in Papua New Guinea. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982, pp. 99-154; "Personal Experience and Cultural Representation in Children's 'Personal Symbols' Among Bimin-Kuskusmin." Ethos 15(1987): 104-132; "Images of an Unborn Sibling: The Psychocultural Shaping of a Child's Fantasy Among the Bimin-Kuskusmin of Papua New Guinea." In L. Bryce Boyer and Simon A Grolnick, Eds., The Psychoanalytic Study of Society. Vol. 15. Hillsdale, NJ: The Analytic Press, 1990, pp. 105-175.

178. Poole, "Cultural Images," p. 87.

179. Poole, "Images of an Unborn Sibling," pp. 127, 106.

180. Poole, "Folk Models of Eroticism," pp. 2-3.

181. Ibid., p. 6.

182. Ibid., p. 11.

183. Poole, "Personal Experience," p. 115.

184. Ibid., p. 118.

185. Poole, "Images of an Unborn Sibling," p. 159.

186. Ibid., p. 137.

187. Ibid., pp. 137, 159.

188. Stanley J. Coen, "Sexualization as a Predominant Mode of Defense." Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 29(1981): 909.

189. Charles W. Socarides, The Preoedipal Origin and Psychoanalytic Therapy of Sexual Perversions. Madison: International Universities Press, 1988, p. 93.

190. Robert B. Edgerton, Sick Societies: Challenging the Myth of Primitive Harmony. New York: The Free Press, 1992, p. 56.

191. L. L. Langness, "Oedipus in the New Guinea Highlands?" Ethos 18(1990): 390.

192. Maria Lepowsky, Fruit of the Motherland: Gender in an Egalitarian Society. New York: Columbia University Press, 1993, p. 90.

193. Bruce Knauft, cited in Anne V. Masters, "Comments on Anthropological Approaches to Human Infanticide." The Journal of Psychohistory 17(1989): 196.

194. John W. M. Whiting, Becoming a Kwoma: Teaching and Learning in a New Guinea Tribe. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1941, p. 25.

195. Margaret Mead, Growing Up in New Guinea. New York: William Morrow, 1930, pp. 23-24.

196. H. Ian Hogbin, "A New Guinea Infancy: From Conception to Weaning in Wogeo." Oceana 13(1943): 295.

197. Ibid.

198. Gillian Gillison, Between Culture and Fantasy: A New Guinea Highlands Mythology. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1993, p. 69.

199. H. Ian Hogbin, "A New Guinea Infancy: From Conception to Weaning in Wogeo." Oceana 13(1943): 298-301.

200. Arthur E. Hippler, "Culture and Personality Perspective of the Yolngu of Northeastern Arnhem Land: part I-Early Socialization." The Journal of Psychoanalytic Anthropology 1(1978): 227.

201. L. Bryce Boyer, "On Man's Need To Have Enemies: A Psychoanalytic Perspective." The Journal of Psychoanalytic Anthropology 9(1986): 109.

202. Thomas S. Weisner, "Socialization for Parenthood in Sibling Caretaking Societies. In Jane B. Lancaster, et al., Eds. Parenting Across The Life Span: Biosocial Dimensions. New York: Aldine De Gruyter, 1987, p. 248.

203. Annette B. Weiner, Women of Value, Men of Renown: New Perspectives in Trobriand Exchange. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1976, p. 123.

204. Aloys Kasprus, The Tribes of the middle Ramu and the Upper Keran Rivers (North-East New Guinea). Studia Instituti Anthropos Vol. 17. St. Augustin bei Bonn: Verlag des Anthropos-Instituts, 1973, p. 57.

205. Margaret Mead, Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies. New York: William Morrow, 1935, pp. 87-88.

206. Betty Haret and Todd R. Risley, Meaningful Differences in the Everyday Experience of Young American Children. Baltimore: Paul H. Broskes Publishing Co., 1995, p. 64.

207. Allen W. Johnson and Timothy Earle, The Evolution of Human Societies: From Foraging Group to Agrarian State. Standofrd: Stanford University Press, 1987, p. 151.

208. The Washington Post, October 19, 1997, p. C2.

209. Allan N. Schore, "A Century After Freud's Project: Is a Rapprochement Between Psychoanalysis and Neurobiology at Hand?" Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 45(1998): 831; Allan N. Schore, Affect Regulation and the Origin of the Self: The Neurobiology of Emotional Development. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1994.

210. Arthur E. Hippler, "Culture and Personality Perspective of the Yolngu of Northeastern Arnhem Land: Part I Early Socialization." Journal of Psychoanalytic Anthropology 1(1978): 234.

211. Michael Cole. Cultural Psychology: A Once and Future Discipline. Cambridge: Belknap Press, 1996, p. 205.

212. Annette Hamilton, Nature and Nurture: Aboriginal Child-Rearing in North-Central Arnhem Land. Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, 1981, p. 40.

213. Arthur E. Hippler, "Culture and Personality Perspective of the Yolngu," p. 232.

214. Robert A. LeVine, "Child Rearing as Cultural Adaptation." In P. Herbert Leiderman, Steven R. Tulkin and Anne Rosenfeld, Eds., Culture and Infancy: Variations in the Human Experience. New York: Academic Press, 1977, p. 23; Catherine Snow, Akke DeBlauw, Ghislaine Van Roosmalen, "Talking and Playing with Babies: The Role of Ideologies of Child-Rearing." In Margaret Bullowa, Ed., Before Speech: The Beginning of Interpersonal Communication." Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979, p. 270.

215. E. Richard Sorenson, The Edge of the Forest: Land, Childhood and Change in a New Guinea Protoagricultural Society. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1976.

216. Kenneth E. Read, The High Valley. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1965, p. 19.

217. Clifford Boram, Uksapmin Children. New Haven: HRAF, 1980, p. 214.

218. Ibid. p. 237.

219. Annette Hamilton, Nature and Nurture, p. 32.

220. Carol L. Jenkins, Alison K. Orr-Ewing and Peter F. Heywood, "Cultural Aspects of Early Childhood Growth and Nutrition Among the Amele of Lowland Papua New Guinea." In Leslie B. Marshall, Ed., Infant Care and Feeding in the South Pacific. New York: Gordon and Breach, 1985, p. 29.

221. Paula Brown, Highland Peoples of New Guinea. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978, p. 64; Katherine A. Dettwyler, "Styles of Infant Feeding: Parental-Caretaker Control of Food Consumption in Young Children." American Anthropologist 91(1989): 700.

222. Carol L. Jenkins et al., "Cultural Aspects of Early Childhood Growth," pp. 34-35, 47.

223. Maria A. Lepowsky, "Food Taboos, Malaria and Dietary Change: Infant Feeding and Cultural Adaptation on a Papua New Guinea Island." In Leslie B. Marshall, Ed., Infant Care and Feeding in the South Pacific. New York: Gordon and Breach, 1985, p. 70.

224. Arthur Hippler, "Culture and Personality," p. 236.

225. Brigit Obrist van Eeuwijk, Small But Strong: Cultural Contexts of (Mal-) Nutrition Among the Northern Kwanga (East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea). Basel: Wepf & Co., 1992, p. 200.

226. Ibid., p. 13.

227. Patricia K. Townsend, The Situation of Children in Papua New Guinea. Papua New Guinea Institut of Applied Social and Economic Research, 1985, pp. 17, 43.

228. Margaret Mead, Growing Up in New Guinea. New York: William Morrow, 1930, p. 49.

229. Catherine A. Lutz, Unnatural Emotions: Everyday Sentiments on a Micronesian Atoll and Their Challenge to Western Theory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988, p. 108.

230. Ann Chowning, "Child Rearing and Socialization." In Ian Hogbin, Anthropology in Papua New Guinea. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1973, p. 65; Jane C. Goodale, To Sing With Pigs Is Human: the Concept of Person in Papua New Guinea. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1995, p. 80;

231. James B. Watson and Virginia Watson, Batanabura of New Guinea. New Haven: HRAF, 1972, pp. 30, 534.

232. Arthur Hippler, "Culture and Personality," p. 229; Ian Hogbin, "A New Guinea Childhood From Conception to the Eighth Year." In L. L. Langness and John C. Weschler, Eds. Melanesia: Readings on a Culture Area. Scranton: Chandler Publishing Co., 1971, pp. 201, 212; Alome Kyakas and Polly Wiessner, From Inside the Women's House: Enga Women's Lives and Traditions. Buranda: Robert Brom and Associates, 1992, p. 17.

233. L. L. Langness, "Child Abuse and Cultural Values: The Case of New Guinea." In Jill E. Korbin, Ed., Child Abuse and Neglect: Cross-Cultural Perspectives. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981, pp. 26-27.

234. Ibid., 23.

235. Jane Beckman Lancaster, Primate Behavior and the Emergence of Human Culture. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1975, p. 37.

236. Dian Fossey, "Development of the Mountain Gorilla: The First Thirty-Six Months." In The Great Apes. Ed. David A. Hamburg and Elizabeth R. McCown. Menlo Park: Cummings, 1979, p. 167.

237. W. C. McGrew and Anna T. C. Feistner, "Two Nonhuman Primate Models for the Evolution of Human Food Sharing: Chimpanzees and Callitrichids." In Jerome H. Barkow et al., The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992, p. 132.

238. Sydney Mellen, The Evolution of Love Oxford: W. H. Freeman and Co., 1981, p. 34.

239. Jane B. Lancaster and Chet S. Lancaster, "Parental Investment: The Hominid Adaptation." In Donald J. Ortner, Ed. How Humans Adapt: A Biocultural Odyssey. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institute Press, 1983, p. 38.

240. James J. McKenna, "Parental Supplements and Surrogates Among Primates: Cross-Species and Cross-Cultural Comparisons." In Jane B. Lancaster, et al., Eds. Parenting Across the Life Span: Biosocial Dimensions. New York: Aldine DeGruyter, 1987, pp. 143-181.

241. Sarah Blaffer Hrdy, The Woman That Never Evolved. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981, p. 98.

242. See evidence in Chapter 8.

243. C. Owen Lovejoy, "The Origin of Man." Science 211(1981): 341-350.

244. Anthony Walsh, Biosociology: An Emerging Paradigm. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1995, p. 203.

245. Henry Harpending and Patricia Draper, "Selection Against Human Family Organization." In B. J. Williams, Ed., On Evolutionary Anthropology. Malibu: Undena Publications, 1986, p. 47.

246. Patricia Draper and Henry Harpending, "Parent Investment and the Child's Environment." In Jane B. Lancaster et al., Eds. Parenting Across The Life Span: Biosocial Dimension. New York: Aldine De Gruyter, 1987, pp. 220-221.

247. Kenneth E. Read, The High Valley. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1965, p. 45.

248. Alayne Yates, "Children Eroticized by Incest." American Journal of Psychiatry 139(1982): 482.

249. Bronislaw Malinowski, Sex and Repression in Savage Society. Cleveland: Meridian books, 1955, p. 55; The Sexual Life of Savages in Northern Melanesia. Vol. I. New York: Horace Liveright, 1929.

250. James B. Watson and Virginia Watson, Batanabura of New Guinea. New Haven: HRAF, 1972, p. 67.

251. Ann Chowning, "Child Rearing and Socialization." In Ian Hogbin, Anthropology in Papua New Guinea: Readings From The Encyclopaedia of Papua and New Guinea. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1973, p. 76.

252. Bruce M. Knauft, South Coast New Guinea Cultures: History, Comparison, Dialectic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993, p. 101.

253. Stanley N. Kurtz, "Polysexualization: A New Approach to Oedipus in the Trobriands." Ethos 19(1991): 72, 70.

254. Frank W. Putnam, Dissociation in Children and Adolescents: A Developmental Perspective. New York: The Guilford Press, 1997, p. 36.

255. Annette B. Weiner, The Trobrianders of Papua New Guinea. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1988, p. 67.

256. Géza Roheim, Psychoanalysis and Anthropology: Culture, Personality and the Unconscious. New York: International Universities Press, 1950, pp. 141, 169.

257. Sherry B. Ortner, "Gender and Sexuality in Heirarchical Societies: The Case of Polynesia and Some Comparative Implications." in Sherry B. Ortner and Harriet Whitehead, Eds., Sexual Meanings: The Cultural Construction of Gender and Sexuality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981, p. 39.

258. Ronald M. Berndt and Catherine H. Berndt, Sexual Behavior in West Arnhem Land. New York: Johnson Reprint, 1951, p. 21.

259. Armando R. Favazza, Bodies Under Siege: Self-mutilation in Culture and Psychiatry. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, p. 159.

260. Raymond Firth, We, The Tikopia: A Sociological Study of Kinship in Primitive Polynesia. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1936, p. 494.

261. Ronald M. Berndt, Excess and Restraint: Social Control Among a New Guinea Mountain People. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962, p. 165.

262. Bruce M. Knauft, South Coast New Guinea Cultures: History, Comparison, Dialectice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993, p. 96.

263. Charles W. Socarides, The Preoedipal Origin and Psychoanalytic Therapy of Sexual Perversions. Madison, Conn., International Universities Press, 1988, P. 464.

264. Gilbert H. Herdt, "Fetish and Fantasy in Sambia Initiation." In Gilbert H. Herdt, Ed., Rituals of Manhood: Male Initiation in Papua New Guinea. Berkeley: University of California Pres, 1982, p. 71.

265. Gilbert H. Herdt, Guardians of the Flutes: Idioms of Masculinity. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1981, p. 236.

266. Marilyn Strathern, Women in Between: Female Roles in a Male World: Mount Hagen, New Guinea. London: Seminar Press, 1972, p. 173.

267. Ibid, p. 172.

268. Fitz John Porter Poole, "Coming Into Social Being: Cultural Images of Infants in Bimin-Kuskusmin Folk Psychology." In Geoffrey M. White and John Kirkpatrick, Ed., Person, Self, and Experience: Exploring Pacific Ethnopsychologies. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985, p. 195.

269. J. Patrick Gray, "Growing Yams and Men: An Inerpretation of Kimam Male Ritualized Homosexual Behavior." In Evelyn Blackwood, Ed., Anthropology and Homosexual Behavior. New York: Hayworth Press, 1986, p. 61.

270. Herdt, Fetish and Fantasy in Sambia Insitiation," p. 81.

271. Robert J. Stoller, Observing the Erotic Imagination. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985, pp. 116, 132

272. Gisela Bleibtreu-Ehrenberg, "Pederasty Among Primitives: Institutionalized Initiation and Cultic Prostitution." Journal of Homosexuality 20(1990): 18.

273. Robert J. Stoller, Observing the Erotic Imagination, pp. 132 and 116.

274. Bruce M. Knauft, "Homosexuality in Melanesia." The Journal of Psychoanalytic Anthropology 10(1987): 173.

275. William H. Davenport, "Adult-Child Sexual Relations in Cross-Cultural Perspective." In William O'Donohue and James H. Geer, Eds., The Sexual Abuse of Children: Theory and Research. Vol. I. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc., 1992, p. 78.

276. "Interview: Gilbert Herdt." Paidika: The Journal of Paedophilia 3(1994): 14; "Interview: John De Cecco." Ibid, 1(1988): 10.

277. New York Times, April 28, 1998, p. A10.

278. Fitz John Porter Poole, "The Ritual Forging of Identity: Aspects of Person and Self in Bimin-Kuskusmin Male Initiation." n Gilbert H. Herdt, Ed., Rituals of Manhood: Male Initiation in Papua New Guinea. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982, p. 120-121.

279. Theodore Lidz and Ruth Silmanns Lidz, Oedipus in the Stone Age: A Psychoanalytic Study of Masculinization in Papua New Guinea. Madison, Conn.: International Universities Press, 1989, pp. 52, 91.

280. Ronald M. Berndt, Excess and Restraint: Social Control Among a New Guinea Mountain People. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962, p. 94.

281. Ibid, p. 58.

282. Margaret Mead, "The Mountain Arapesh. II. Supernaturalism." Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of National History. New York: AMNH, 1940, p. 347.

283. Gilbert Herdt, "Sambia Nosebleeding Rites and Male Proximity to Women." In James W. Stigler, Richard A. Shweder and Gilbert Herdt, Eds., Cultural Psychology: Essays on Comparative Human Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984, p. 380..

284. Gilbert Herdt, The Sambia: Ritual and Gender in New Guinea. Ft Worth: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1987, p. 144.

285. Alome Kyakas and Polly Wiessner, From Inside the Women's House: Enga Women's Lives and Traditions. Buranda: Robert Brown & Assoc., 1992, p. 51.

286. Mary deYoung, "Self-Injurious Behavior in Incest Victims: a Research Note." Child Welfare 61(1982): 579.

287. Ibid, p. 581.

288. Wulf Schiefenhovel, "Ritualized Adult-Male/Adolescent-Male Sexual Behavior in Melanesia." In Jay R. Feierman, Ed., Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1990, p. 414.

289. Theodor Reik, Ritual: Psycho-Analytic Studies. New York: International Universities Press, 1946, p. 106.

290. Michio Kitahara, "A Cross-Cultural Test of the Fruedian Theory of Circumcision." International Journal of Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy 5(1976): 535-46.

291. Rosalind Miles, The Women's History of the World. Topsfield, Mass.: Salem House, 1988, p. 38.

292. Geza Roheim, Psychoanalysis and Anthropology: Culture, Personality and the Unconscious. New York: International Universities Press, 1950, p. 117.

293. Gisela Bleibtreu-Ehrenberg, "Pederasty Among Primitives: Institutionalized Initiation and Cultic Prostitution." Journal of Homosexuality 20(1990): 19.

294. Jill E. Korbin, Child Abuse and Neglect: Cross-Cultural Perspectives. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981, p. 19.

295. Ashley Montagu, Coming Into Being Among the Australian Aborigenes: A Study of the Procreative Beliefs of the Native Tribes of Australia. 2nd Rev. Ed. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1974, p. 323.

296. Fitz John Porter Poole, "Transforming 'natural' woman: Female Ritual Leaders and Gender Ideology Among Bimin-Kuskusmin." In Sherry B. Ortner and Harriet Whitehead, Eds. Sexual Meanings: the Cultural Construction of Gender and Sexuality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990, p. 143.

297. Nancy C. Lutkehaus and Paul B. Roscoe, Gender Rituals: Female Initiation in Melanesia. London: Routledge, 1995.

298. Ibid, p. 18.

299. Ibid.

300. Gerald W. Creed, "Sexual Subordination: Institutionalized Homosexuality and Social Control in Melanesia." Ethnology 3(1984): 160.

301. Gilbert Herdt, The Sambia: Ritual and Gender in New Guinea. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1987, p. 160.

302. Maurice Bloch, Prey Into Hunter: The Politics of Religious Experience. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992, pp. 9, 10.

303. Alome Kyakas and Polly Wiessner, From Inside the Women's House, pp. 18-20.

304. L. L. Langness, "Child Abuse and Cultural Values: The Case of New Guinea." In Jill Korbin, Ed. Child Abuse and Neglect: Cross-Cultural Perspectives. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981, pp. 16-17.

305. Ibid, p. 29.

306. Alison Mill, "Treatment of a Young Female Pedophilic Offender with Dissociative Identity Disorder." Treating Abuse Today 18(1998): 17-21.

307. Bruce Knauft, cited in John Craig, "Kindness and Killing." Emory Magazine October 1988, p. 27.

308. Michele Stephen, "Dreams and Self-Knowledge among the Mekeo of Papua New Guinea." Ethos 24(1996): 469.

309. Michele Stephen, A'aisa's Gifts: A Study of Magic and the Self. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995, pp. 134, 144.

310. Fitz John Porter Poole, "Coming Into Social Being: Cultural Images of Infants in Bimin-Kuskusmin Folk Psychology." In Geoffrey M. White and John Kirkpatrick, Eds., Person, Self, and Experience: Exploring Pacific Ethnopsychologies. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985, p. 200.

311. Ibid, p. 118.

312. Ibid, p. 119.

313. Fitz John Porter Poore, "Personal Experience and Cultural Representation in Children's 'Personal Symbols' among Bimin-Kuskusmin." Ethos 15(1987): 119.

314. Ibid, p. 201.

315. Gilbert Herdt, "Spirit Familiars in the Religious Imagination of Sambia Shamans." In Gilbert Herdt and Michele Stephen, Eds., The Religious Imagination in New Guinea. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1989, pp. 99-121.

316. Simon Harrison, The Mask of War: Violence, Ritual and the Self in Melanesia. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1993, pp. 27, 95.

317. Ibid.

318. Gilbert Herdt, The Sambia: Ritual and Gender in New Guinea. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 197, p. 165.

319. Anna S. Meigs, Food, Sex, and Pollution: A New Guinea Religion. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1943, p. 33.

320. Gilbert Herdt, "Sambia Nosebleeding Rites and Male Proximity to Women." In James W. Stigler et al., Eds., Cultural Psychology: Essays on Comparative Human Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990, p. 373.

321. Susan Taft, Domestic Violence in Urban Papua New Guinea. Law Reform Commission of Papua New Guinea, Occasional Paper No. 19, 1986.

322. Marilyn Strathern, Women in Between: Female Roles in a Male World: Mount Hagen, New Guinea. London: Seminar Press, 1972, p. 175; D. K. Feil, The Evolution of Highland Papua New Guinea Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987, p. 203.

323. Michel Tousignant, "Suicide in Small-Scale Societies." Transcultural Psychiatry 35(1998): 291-306; Dan Jorgenson, "The Clear and the Hidden: Person, Self and Suicide Among the Telefomen of Papua New Guinea."Omega 14(1983): 113-125; Ronald M. Berndt, Excess and Restraint: Social Control Among a New Guinea Mountain People. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962, pp. 186-202.

324. Marilyn Gelber, Gender and Society in the New Guinea Highlands: An Anthropological Perspective on Antagonism Toward Women. Boulder: Westview Press, 1986, p. 12.

325. Gilbert H. Herdt, "Semen Depletion and the Sense of Maleness." Stephen O. Murray, Ed., Oceanic Homosexualities. New York: Garland Publishing, 1992, pp. 33-65.

326. Gilbert herdt and Robert J. Stoller, Intimate Communications: Erotics and the Study of Culture. New York: Columbia University Press, 1990, p. 259.

327. James B. Watson and Virginia Watson, Batanabura of New Guinea. New Haven: HRAF, 1972, p. 538.

328. D. K. Feil, The Evolution of Highland Papua Societies, p. 203.

329. Lawrence Hammar, "Sexual Transactions on Daru: With Some Observations on the Ethnographic Enterprise." Research in Melanesia 16(1992): 46.

330. Bruce M. Knauft, "Melanesian Warfare: A Theoretical History." Oceania 60(1990): 286, 274.

331. F. Barth, "Tribes and Intertribal Relations in the Fly head-waters." Oceania 41(1970-1, p. 175.

332. Bruce M. Knauft, "Reconsidering Violence in Simple Human Societies. " Current Anthropology 28(1987), pp. 457-499.

333. John Craig, "Kindness and Killing." Emory Magazine, October 1988, p. 26.

334. George F. Vicedom and Herbert Tischner, The Mbowamb: The Culture of the Mount Hagen Tribes in East Central New Guinea. Vol. I. Sydney: University of Sydney Oceania Monograph No. 25, 1983, p. 71.

335. L. L. Langness, "child Abuse and Cultural Values: The Case of New Guinea." In Jill E. Korbin, Child Abuse and Neglect: Cross-Cultural Perspectives. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981, p. 28.

336. Steven R. Nachman, "Shame and Moral Aggression on a Melanesian Atoll." The Journal of Psychoanalytic Anthropology 7(1984, pp. 335-365.

337. D. K. Feil, The Evolution of Highland Papua Societies, p. 203.

338. Leonard B. Glick, "Sorcery and Witchcraft." In Ian Hogbin, Ed., Anthropology in Papua New Guinea. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1973, p. 183.

339. Marie Reay, "The Magico-Religious Foundations of New Guinea Highlands Warfare." In Michele Stephen, Ed., Sorcerer and Witch in Melanesia. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1987.

340. Simon Harrison, Violence, Ritual and the Self in Melanesia. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1993, p. 27.

341. Ibid, p. 88.

342. Ibid, p. 131.

343. Gilbert H. Herdt, Guardians of the Flutes: Idioms of Masculinity. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1981, p. 351.

344. Jeanne Hill, "Believing Rachel." The Journal of Psychohistory 24(1996): 131-146; Michael Newton, "Written in Blood: A History of Human Sacrifice." The Journal of Psychohistory 24(1996): 104-131.

345. Margaret Mead, Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies. New York: William Morrow, 1963, p. 242.

346. John W. M. Whiting, Becoming A Kwoma: Teaching and Learning in a New Guinea Tribe. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1941, p. 61.

347. Richard Rhodes, Deadly Feasts: Tracking the Secrets of a Terrifying New Plague. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997, pp. 22-23.

348. Fitz John Porter Poole, "Cannibals, Tricksters, and Witches: Anthropophagic Images Among Bimin-Kuskusmin," and Gillian Gillison, "Cannibalism Among Women in the Eastern Highlands of Papua New Guinea." In Paula Brown and Donald Tuzin, Eds., The Ethnography of Cannibalism. Washington, D.C.: Society for Psychological Anthropology, 1983, pp. 1-50.

349. Ronald M. Berndt, Excess and Restraint: Social Control Among a New Guinea Mountain People. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962, p. 283.

350. Brian Masters, The Shrine of Jeffrey Dahmer. London: Hodder & Houghton, 1993, p. 218.

351. Ana S. Meigs, Food, Sex, and Pollution, p. 110.

352. Gillian Gillison, Between Culture and Fantasy: A New Guinea Highlands Mythology. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1993, p. 72.

353. D. K. Feil, The Evolution of Highland Papua New Guinea Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987; Shirley Lindenbaum, "Variations on a Sociosexual Theme in Melanesia." InGilbert H. Herdt, Ed., Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984, pp. 337-360. Bruce M. Knauft, South Coast New Guinea Cultures: History, Comparison, Dialectic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993 exempts some coastal southern groups from "Big Men" classifications.

354. D. K. Feil, The Evolution of Highland Papua New Guinea Societies, p. 210.

355. Amy L. Richman, et al., "Maternal Behavior to Infants in Five Cultures." In Robert L. LeVine, Patricia M. Miller, Mary Maxwell West, Eds., Parental Behavior in Diverse Societies. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1988, p. 86.

356. Bruce M. Knauft, "Homosexuality in Melanesia," p. 187.

357. Gilbert Herdt, The Sambia: Ritual and Gender in New Guinea. Ft. Worth: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1987, p. 89.

358. Anna S. Meigs, Food, Sex, and Polution: A New Guinea Religion. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1943, p. 64.

359. Gilbert Herdt, "Father Presence and Ritual Homosexuality: Paternal Deprivation and Masculine Development in Melanesia Reconsidered." Ethos 17(1989): 335.

360. Patricia Draper and Henry Harpending, "Father Absence and Reproductive Strategy: An Evolutionary Perspective." Journal of Anthropological Research 38(1982): 256.

361. Francis Edgar Williams, Papuans of the Trans-Fly. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1936, p. 110.

362. Annette B. Weiner, The Trobrianders of Papua New Guinea. Ft. Worth: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1988, pp. 58-59; Malinowsky and others analyzed in Melford E. Spiro, Oedipus in the Trobriands. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982, pp. 34-35.

363. Steven R. Nachman, "Shame and Moral Aggression on a Melanesian Atoll." The Journal of Psychoanalytic Anthropology 7(1984): 335-365.

364. Shirley Lindenbaum, "Variations on a Sociosexual Theme in Melanesia." In Gilbert H. Herdt, Ed., Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984, p. 340.

365. D. K. Feil, The Evolution of Highland Papua New Guinea Societies, p. 175.

366. Ibid, p. 231.

367. Ibid, p. 72.

368. Bruce M. Knauft, South Coast New Guinea Cultures: History, Comparison, Dialectic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993, p. 120 tries unsuccessfully to "de-throne" the bigman concept, though the number of groups actually having full-fledged bigmen is reduced by his work.

369. Andrew P. Vayda, War In Ecological Perspective: Persistence, Change, and Adaptive Processes in Three Oceanian Societies. New York: Plenum Press, 1976, p. 14. In Bruce M. Knauft, "Melanesian Warfare: A Theoretical History," Oceania 60(1990) 250-311 attempts to disprove Feil's claims that warfare is more "restrained" in western highlands, but only disproves it necessarily is less violent everywhere in the west.

370. Ibid, p. 233-235.

371. Ibid, p. 70.

372. Maurice Bloch, Prey Into Hunter: The Politics of Religious Experience. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992, , pp. 11,12.

373. Gillian Gillison, Between Culture and Fantasy: A New Guinea Highlands Mythology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993, p. xv.

374. Annette B. Weiner, The Trobrianders of Papua New Guinea. Ft. Worth: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1988, p. 153.

375. Jeffrey Clark, "Pearlshell Symbolism in Highlands Papua New Guinea, With Particular Reference to the Wiru People of Southern Highlands Province." Oceania 61(1991): 318.

376. Ibid, p. 324.

377. Marie de Lepervanche, "Social Structure." In Ian Hogbin, Ed., Anthropology in Papua New Guinea: Readings From the Encylopaedia of Papua and New Guinea. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1973, p. 4.

378. Paula G. Rubel and Abraham Rosman, Your Own Pigs You May Not Eat: A Comparative Study of New Guinea Societies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978, p. 22.

379. Jeffrey Clark, "pearlshell Symbolism...," p. 335.

380. D. K. Feil, The Evolution of Highland Papua New Guinea Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987, p. 16.

381. Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1997, p. 147.

382. Ibid, p. 148.

383. Ibid, pp. 306-307.

384. Ibid, p. 408.

385. Ward H. Goodenough, Ed., Prehistoric Settlement of the Pacific. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1996; J. Peter White and James F. O'Connell, A Prehistory of Australia, New Guinea and Sahul. New York: Academic Press, 1982.

386. James Woodburn, "Hunters and Gatherers Today and Reconstruction of the Past." In Ernest Gellner, Ed., Soviet and Western Anthropology London: Duckworth, 1980, p. 109.

387. Hans W. Hoek, et al., "Schizoid Personality Disorder After Prenatal Exposure to Famine." American Journal of Psychiatry 153(1996): 16371639.

388. The New York Times, May 28, 1996, p. C1.

389. Roy Brunton, "Why Do Trobriands Have Chiefs?" Man 10(1975): 144.

390. Robert Blust, "Austronesian Culture History: The Window of Language." In Ernest Gellner, Ed., Soviet and Western Anthropology. London: Duckworth, 1980. pp. 28-35.

391. Maria Lepowsky, Fruit of the Motherland: Gender in an Egalitarian Society. New York: Columbia University Press, 1993, p. 110.